Nota de Esclarecimento da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia
Considerando informações infundadas divulgadas nas últimas semanas que contrariam o conhecimento científico atual sobre o papel de algumas gorduras na saúde cardiovascular, o Departamento de Aterosclerose da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia e a Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado de São Paulo comunicam oficialmente que:
1-Não há dúvidas sobre o papel do colesterol sanguíneo como fator de risco independente para doenças cardiovasculares, fato comprovado por estudos experimentais, epidemiológicos, genéticos e de intervenção. O adequado controle do colesterol é recomendado por diretrizes nacionais e internacionais de sociedades médicas, de nutrição, órgãos governamentais e a Organização Mundial da Saúde.
2-A dieta influencia nos valores do colesterol do sangue, sendo que a alimentação adequada faz parte de qualquer estratégia de prevenção das doenças cardiovasculares.
3-Padrões nutricionais em que há baixo consumo de açúcar, ausência de gorduras trans, baixo consumo de gorduras saturadas, consumo adequado de gorduras mono e polinsaturadas, grãos integrais, fibras, frutas, hortaliças e adequado consumo de sódio associam-se em estudos epidemiológicos e de intervenção com diminuição do risco de problemas cardiovasculares como infartos do miocárdio e acidentes vasculares cerebrais.
4-Alimentos que aumentam as concentrações do colesterol no sangue devem ser consumidos com parcimônia visando a prevenção da doença cardiovascular.
5-Até o momento não há evidência científica robusta que justifique a mudança nas recomendações vigentes sendo que enfatiza-se o consumo de quantidades adequadas de óleos de soja, canola e oliva para manutenção adequada dos valores do colesterol do sangue. Não se recomenda o consumo rotineiro da gordura do coco para prevenção da obesidade ou das doenças cardiovasculares.
6-À medida em que novas evidências de boa qualidade científica forem produzidas, as recomendações podem ser modificadas.
Dr. José Rocha Faria Neto
Presidente do Departamento de Aterosclerose da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia
Dr. Francisco Antonio Helfenstein Fonseca
Presidente da Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado de São Paulo
Abstract
Our smartphones enable—and encourage—constant connection to information, entertainment, and each other. They put the world at our fingertips, and rarely leave our sides. Although these devices have immense potential to improve welfare, their persistent presence may come at a cognitive cost. In this research, we test the “brain drain” hypothesis that the mere presence of one’s own smartphone may occupy limited-capacity cognitive resources, thereby leaving fewer resources available for other tasks and undercutting cognitive performance. Results from two experiments indicate that even when people are successful at maintaining sustained attention—as when avoiding the temptation to check their phones—the mere presence of these devices reduces available cognitive capacity. Moreover, these cognitive costs are highest for those highest in smartphone dependence. We conclude by discussing the practical implications of this smartphone-induced brain drain for consumer decision-making and consumer welfare.
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Notes
Adrian F. Ward (adrian.ward@mccombs.utexas.edu) is an assistant professor of marketing in the McCombs School of Business, University of Texas at Austin, 2110 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712. Kristen Duke (kristen.duke@rady.ucsd.edu) is a PhD candidate in marketing at the Rady School of Management, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093. Ayelet Gneezy (agneezy@ucsd.edu) is an associate professor of behavioral sciences and marketing at the Rady School of Management, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093. Maarten W. Bos (mbos@disneyresearch.com) is a research scientist at Disney Research, 4720 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. The authors thank Jiyoung Lee, Stephanie Schwartz, Yael Horwitz, and the Atkinson Behavioral Lab for research assistance.
1. In 2007, only 4% of American adults owned smartphones (Radwanick 2012). As of January 2017, 77% of American adults—and 92% of those under the age of 35—own smartphones (Pew Research Center 2017). Penetration is similarly high in most Western nations, and even higher in several Middle Eastern and Asian countries. South Korea, for example, has a national smartphone ownership rate of 88%, including 100% of those under 35 (Pew Research Center 2016).
2. A pilot study confirmed that these physical locations predict individuals’ top-of-mind awareness of their smartphones, with a nearby and in sight → nearby and out of sight → not nearby linear trend (F(1, 111) = 14.58, p < .001, partial η2 = .116) and no quadratic trend (p = .996). Interestingly, the majority of respondents (67.5%) indicated that they typically keep their smartphones nearby and in sight, where these devices are most salient. See the appendix for method and detailed analyses.
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